Peptide Synthesis: An Overview

Peptide synthesis is a cornerstone of modern science, underpinning advances in medicine, biotechnology, and fundamental research that enable the creation of molecules that drive advancements in medicine, research, and technology. Through this process, scientists can produce peptides—short chains of amino acids—that mimic or modify natural biological functions, opening doors to innovation across multiple disciplines.

To learn more about tailored solutions for your research, read about our custom peptide synthesis services.

What is peptide synthesis?

Peptide synthesis refers to the process of creating peptides—short chains of amino acids—connected by peptide bonds. These molecules are vital in biological systems, serving as hormones, enzymes, and signalling agents, among other roles. By replicating or designing peptides in the lab, scientists can unlock new opportunities for research and innovation.

The fundamental goal of peptide synthesis is to assemble amino acids in a defined order. This precision enables the creation of peptides with specific properties, paving the way for their use in:

• Biological mechanisms
• Novel therapeutics
• Diagnostic tools
• Health and wellness solutions
• Vaccine technology
• Cosmetics
• Agriculture
• Industrial coatings

Peptides are uniquely versatile, combining the functionality of proteins with the ability to be tailored for highly specific purposes.

The science behind peptide synthesis

Peptide synthesis relies on a detailed understanding of amino acid chemistry. Amino acids, the building blocks of peptides, must be linked in a precise sequence to achieve the desired biological or chemical function. The process can involve:

• Protecting functional groups to prevent unwanted reactions.
• Activating carboxyl groups to facilitate bond formation.
• Sequentially adding amino acids in the correct order.

Each step required meticulous control and testing to ensure the accuracy and purity of the final product.

Methods of peptide synthesis

Peptide synthesis typically employs one of two established methods: solid-phase peptide synthesis or liquid-phase peptide synthesis. These techniques allow researchers to produce peptides with exact sequences tailored to their needs.

Solid phase peptide synthesis 

A widely used method, solid phase peptide synthesis builds peptides step-by-step on a solid resin support. This approach facilitates the creation of complex and long Amino Acid chains with minimal purification challenges.

Liquid phase peptide synthesis

Used less frequently today, this method involves synthesising peptides in solution. It remains valuable for specific applications requiring ultra-pure or large-scale peptide production.

Both methods have their advantages and are chosen based on the complexity, length, and intended application of the peptide.

Sequencing of peptides

Once synthesised, peptides may require sequencing to confirm their structure or explore their biological activity. Peptide sequencing identifies the exact order of amino acids, ensuring the final product aligns with its intended design. Methods such as mass spectrometry and Edman degradation are commonly employed for this purpose.

Accurate peptide sequencing supports numerous applications, including:

• Validating synthesised peptides
• Understanding biological functions
• Exploring potential therapeutic modifications

Applications of peptide synthesis

Peptide synthesis plays a pivotal role in basic research and applied sciences. Key applications include:

• Investigating biological mechanisms, such as protein interactions or cellular processes.
• Developing novel therapeutics, including peptide-based drugs for cancer and chronic diseases.
• Enhancing diagnostic tools, where peptides play a key role in disease detection and monitoring.
• Advancing vaccine technology through the design of synthetic antigens.
• Applications in nutraceuticals and functional foods contributing to health and wellness solutions.
• Use in cosmetics, where peptides support skin care and anti-aging formulations.
• Agricultural advancements, including pest control and crop enhancement.
• Industrial applications, such as coatings and materials with specialised properties.

These versatile molecules continue to shape the future of science, with their applications expanding as new technologies emerge. Read more about specific uses for peptides.

Why is peptide synthesis important? 

Peptide synthesis bridges the gap between natural biology and engineered solutions. It empowers scientists to:

• Mimic natural peptides for research
• Design novel molecules with unique properties
• Explore modifications to enhance stability, functionality, or specificity

This versatility ensures that peptide synthesis remains a foundational tool for innovation across disciplines.

Understanding peptide synthesis is essential for anyone delving into life sciences. This process enables groundbreaking discoveries, drives innovation in medicine, and expands the possibilities for scientific exploration.

Peptide synthesis with AltaBioscience

AltaBioscience, an ISO 9001-certified laboratory with over 50 years of experience, offers comprehensive custom peptide synthesis services to clients worldwide, including those in the pharmaceutical, biotech, and academic sectors. 

Key features of AltaBioscience’s peptide synthesis services:

• Flexible quantities and purity levels: Synthesis of peptides ranging from 1 mg to multi-gram scales, with purity options from crude to over 95%, tailored to specific research needs. 
• Diverse modifications: Capability to incorporate various modifications, including cyclic structures, phosphorylation, fluorescent and isotopic labels, and fatty acid incorporation, to suit complex research applications. 
• Specialised applications: Expertise in producing peptide antigens for antibody generation, peptide libraries and microarrays for high-throughput screening, and DNA-peptide conjugates for advanced research applications. 
• Quality assurance: All purified peptides undergo rigorous quality control using HPLC and mass spectrometry, ensuring high-quality products. 
• Additional services: Offering solubility testing, aliquoting, exact concentration determination, and various analytical testing services to support diverse research requirements. 

AltaBioscience’s commitment to quality and customer satisfaction has established us as a trusted partner for researchers and industry professionals seeking reliable peptide synthesis solutions. Read more about our custom peptide synthesis services.